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Yet SEM/EDS exposes a more complex surface condition: thin, discontinuous zones of true Mn enrichment that migrate toward the upper metal layer and oxidize over time. These enriched layers are too subtle for XRF to detect, but their presence is metallurgically significant and directly tied to surface instability.\nThe internal structure shows its own vulnerabilities. During solidification, manganese’s strong affinity for oxygen, sulfur, and chlorine produces brittle Mn oxide, Mn sulfide, and Mn chloride inclusions that fail to dissolve into the matrix. Rolling elongates these inclusions into stringers, creating weak internal planes that later manifest as lamination seams. SEM/EDS mapping confirms that these internal phases persist and remain chemically reactive, providing a structural foundation for delamination.\nSurface processes compound these internal weaknesses. Over time, manganese migrates toward the exterior, forming mixed metallic/oxide transition zones that crack, oxidize, and interact with environmental sulfur and chloride species. Although XRF does not register these layers, EDS consistently identifies localized Mn enrichment that destabilizes the surface. Environmental exposure accelerates this degradation, as Mn bearing sulfides and chlorides react readily with moisture and pollutants, weakening both internal stringers and surface layers.\nTogether, the evidence demonstrates that lamination in WWII nickels arises from the combined effects of internal Mn oxide stringers and true Mn surface enrichment, with environmental reactions further driving the peel phenomenon. Both mechanisms are present, both are metallurgically credible, and current data does not allow prioritizing one over the other. Continued SEM/EDS mapping of enriched zones will help refine the relative contributions of each process.\n"},{"label":"Creator","value":["Lorenzo, John"]}],"description":"Surface Issues in U.S. Jefferson War Nickels: Insights from a Dual Analysis Method: XRF and SEM/EDS Analyses  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