{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/ncdcr/iiif/927063d7-0b1a-42c2-a315-184361eb514d/manifest","label":"Medical_Board_of_Examiners","metadata":[{"label":"Title","value":"State Agency Finding Aid: Board of Medical Examiners, 1859-1920"},{"label":"MARS ID","value":"186"},{"label":"Digital Collections","value":["Legacy Finding Aids Collection"]},{"label":"Identifier","value":"Medical_Board_of_Examiners"},{"label":"Digital Format","value":["application/pdf"]},{"label":"Hosted By","value":["State Archives of North Carolina"]},{"label":"Metadata Creator","value":["Cusick, Aaron"]},{"label":"Type","value":["Text"]},{"label":"Notes Public","value":"If you have questions about this collection, please contact the State Archives of North Carolina at archives@ncdcr.gov."},{"label":"Source","value":"Board of Medical Examiners Records. State Archives of North Carolina"},{"label":"Language","value":["English"]},{"label":"Description","value":"Efforts to establish a state medical examiners board began at the end of the eighteenth century and around the time of the creation of the first chartered medical society of North Carolina in 1799.  Although this organization survived only a handful of years, legislative attempts to create an agency to regulate the practice of medicine continued in the state throughout the first half of the nineteenth century.  The present North Carolina Medical Society was established in 1849, and ten years later, in 1859, the General Assembly enacted legislation creating the North Carolina State Board of Medical Examiners.  The State Board of Medical Examiners was to consist of seven members, all of whom were to be physicians.  The North Carolina Medical Society was to provide the legislature with a list of its members, from which the General Assembly could select members of the examining board. The Medical Society had the right to select board members if the legislature did not opt to do so.  Terms were set at six years.  The  board was to elect its own officers, including a president and secretary, and was to meet annually, alternately in Raleigh or Morganton.  This  latter provision was changed in 1871 to permit the board to meet at the same time and place as the North Carolina Medical Society.  The board's records were to be kept open for public inspection, and names of newly licensed physicians were to be published in Raleigh newspapers.  Each licensee was to remit a fee to the board before receiving his license.  The major duty of the State Board of Medical Examiners was the examination of applicants for license to practice medicine in the state. Any person who was at least twenty-one years old and of good moral  character could apply to be examined.  Physicians who had practiced prior to 1859 were grandfathered in as licensed physicians.  The board had the right to rescind licenses of those proven guilty of immoral conduct.   Any person practicing medicine without a license was prohibited from suing to recover charges for medical services rendered, but there was no legal penalty.  The General Assembly of 1885 attempted to correct perceived defects in the 1859 law.  Practicing medicine without a license became a misdemeanor, unless the physician had graduated from medical college before 1880.  A further attempt to correct the licensing process was made in  1889.  The legislature enacted a law requiring practicing physicians to register with clerks of the superior courts in their respective counties. Covered by this legislation were licensees of the board, those having received diplomas from medical colleges prior to 1885, and those making oath that they had practiced medicine prior to 1885.  Additional amendments to the law on licensing were made in 1891, 1899, 1907, 1909, 1913, and 1915, before legislation was enacted in 1921 declaring that only licensees of the State Board of Medical Examiners were permitted to register and practice in the state.  Other legislation passed during the period prohibited the examination of any person by the board who was not a graduate of a medical college requiring three years of study (enacted in 1899, and increased to four years in 1913); allowed physicians licensed in other states to receive licenses in North Carolina without examinations; permitted the board to grant temporary licenses to applicants in remote areas of the state whose medical education was insufficient to qualify for regular licenses; and enabled the board to utilize the attorney general or other counsel to prosecute those charged with medical malpractice or practicing without a license.  The General Assembly of 1921 made a number of changes in the statutes affecting the State Board of Medical Examiners.  In addition to requiring all practicing physicians in the state to be licensed by the board, the legislature defined what legally constituted the practice of medicine; ended the provision for issuing temporary licenses; repealed the statute permitting unlicensed individuals to practice medicine by registering with a county clerk of the superior court under oath of  having practiced in the state before 1885; created a fee structure for applicants, with funds collected used to compensate members and staff of the board; and detailed specific causes and procedures for the  revocation of licenses.  Among the causes for revocation were grossly immoral conduct, producing criminal abortion, obtaining a medical license by fraudulent means, use of narcotics, misrepresentation of medical skills or practice, violation of the rules and regulations of the state board, and any other unprofessional conduct.  Only the board could revoke or restore a  license, although persons affected could appeal to the superior courts  to reverse the board's decisions.  In 1933 the legislature abolished the appeals process and made the findings and actions of the board final. An appeals procedure was reinstituted in 1953.  In that year, the General Assembly set up a process by which an affected physician had the right to a hearing and could appeal to the superior court and, if necessary, to the state Supreme Court.  During the next three decades minor changes were made to the laws concerning the State Board of Medical Examiners.  Legislation was  enacted that affected the fees charged for licenses, required the biennial registration of physicians, and regulated the use of physicians' assistants.  In 1981 the board was reorganized.  The board was to consist of eight members, seven of whom were to be licensed physicians chosen by  the North Carolina Medical Society and named by the governor.  The eighth member was to be chosen directly by the governor and was not to be  connected with the health profession.  Terms were to be staggered, and no board member was to serve more than two complete consecutive three- year terms.  The governor had the right to remove any board member for abuse of office, and he could fill vacancies from a list of physicians submitted by the executive council of the North Carolina Medical Society. Previous statutes governing the board's duties, officers, licensing,  license revocation, and disciplinary actions were unaffected.  In 1987, the General Assembly amended the laws on court review of  medical malpractice actions; the right of the board to administer oaths and subpoena witnesses for its proceedings; the revocation of licenses of those convicted of felonies; the role of the board in assuring that physicians maintain personal liability insurance; and the use of peer review panels to evaluate current complaints, reports, and litigation requiring investigation.  REFERENCES:  P.L., 1858-59, c. 258.  P.L., 1871, c. 98.  P.L., 1885, cc. 117, s. 2; 261.  P.L., 1889, c. 181, ss. 3-4.  P.L., 1891, c. 90.  P.L., 1899, c. 93, s. 1.  P.L., 1907, c. 890.  P.L., 1909, c. 218.  P.L., 1913, c. 20, s. 3.  P.L., 1915, c. 220.  P.L., 1921, c. 47, ss. 1-4, 5, 7.  P.L., 1933, c. 32.  S.L., 1953, cc. 187; 1248, s. 3.  S.L., 1957, c. 597.  S.L., 1969, c. 929.  S.L., 1971, c. 817.  S.L., 1977, c. 1145.  S.L., 1979, c. 196.  S.L., 1981, c. 573, ss. 2, 4-17.  S.L., 1987, c. 859, ss. 1-6, 11, 15.  G.S. 90-1 through 90-21 [1993].  Procter, Ivan M., and Dorothy Long.  ONE HUNDRED YEARS HISTORY OF THE   NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS, 1859-1959.  Raleigh:   Edwards & Broughton, 1959.  Pp. 1-4, 6-8, 10-12.  RALEIGH REGISTER.  12 November 1799, 7 February 1849."},{"label":"Digital Characteristics","value":"1 page"},{"label":"Format","value":["Finding aids"]},{"label":"Rights","value":"This item is provided courtesy of the State Archives of North Carolina and is a public record according to G.S.132."},{"label":"Source Collections","value":["Board of Medical Examiners Records. 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