{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/ncdcr/iiif/62f16e62-32fd-4287-b655-ab72ff200a48/manifest","label":"Social_Service","metadata":[{"label":"Title","value":"State Agency Finding Aid: Social Services, 1889-1976"},{"label":"MARS ID","value":"97"},{"label":"Digital Collections","value":["Legacy Finding Aids Collection"]},{"label":"Identifier","value":"Social_Service"},{"label":"Digital Format","value":["application/pdf"]},{"label":"Hosted By","value":["State Archives of North Carolina"]},{"label":"Metadata Creator","value":["Cusick, Aaron"]},{"label":"Type","value":["Text"]},{"label":"Notes Public","value":"If you have questions about this collection, please contact the State Archives of North Carolina at archives@ncdcr.gov."},{"label":"Source","value":"Social Services Records. State Archives of North Carolina"},{"label":"Language","value":["English"]},{"label":"Description","value":"The current Division of Social Services began as the Board of Public Charities.  The Constitution of North Carolina that was ratified in 1868 provided for a Board of Public Charities to be created by the General Assembly.  The board was intended to ameliorate and prevent social problems and to supervise the state's system of charitable and penal institutions.  The constitution further called for the establishment of a penitentiary and one or more orphanages, for the education of idiots and inebriates, and for the care of all the deaf-mutes, the blind, and the insane of the state at state expense. Under the guidance of the Board of Public Charities and the legislature, these institutions were to be designed to be as self-supporting as possible.  In 1869 the General Assembly appointed five members to the Board of Public Charities and charged them with the following duties:  to  investigate and supervise the whole sytem of charitable and penal institutions in the state and to make recommendations for their economical and efficient administration; to evaluate the need for reformatories; to collect data on the causes of insanity, idiocy, and physical infirmity; and to furnish the General Assembly with statistics and reports on penal and charitable institutions throughout the state. Initial terms were staggered from one to five years; subsequent appointments were for five years.  The governor was to make appointments to fill any early vacancies.  The board selected its own president and secretary and appointed Dr. G. W. Blacknall to inspect and report on the condition of local institutions across the state, which he completed  in 1870.  Although the General Assembly had charged the board with the tasks of compiling statistics, recommending actions, and enforcing the state constitution with regard to charitable and penal institutions, it had not provided the board with the necessary funding and statutory powers to carry out these duties.  An 1870 law required county commissioners to complete an annual reporting form on institutions in their counties, but did not provide the Board of Public Charities with printing or postage funds for the reports.  The General Assembly of 1870-71 further reduced the power of the board by repealing its duties to approve changes in the management of institutions and to print recommendations and reports on the condition of institutions in the state.  Compensation for travel expenses, except to attend one annual meeting, was also repealed.  The chairman of the Board of Public Charities wrote the governor in 1879, explaining that the board had been ineffective and unable to  supervise the state's penal and charitable institutions because there  were no funds appropriated for travel to these institutions. Furthermore, the legislature had failed to appoint new members to the board when earlier terms had expired.  The General Assembly of 1891 strengthened the board by funding  office expenses and reinstating travel expenses for meetings and  inspections.  At this time, the board began to provide for local inspections of county institutions.  Three citizens of each county were authorized as a board of visitors to inspect their local charitable and penal institutions.  Their reports helped provide data on social problems and resources throughout the state.  With its powers and funding increased by the 1891 act, the board was able to make advances on problems such as the education and care of the handicapped, treatment of the insane, treatment of prisoners and  juvenile offenders, and support for confederate veterans and dependent children.  Accomplishments over the next twenty-five years included compulsory education laws for deaf and blind children, the state's first juvenile correction facility, a school for feeble-minded children, reforms in penal institutions and the sentencing of criminals, and a  parole system for the state's penitentiary.  The General Assembly of 1917 changed the name of the board to the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare and redefined its duties and  powers.  The board was increased to seven members, of which at least one was to be a woman.  Board members were recommended by the governor and elected by the General Assembly for six-year terms after staggered first terms, and the board was instructed to meet at least quarterly.  The primary function of the board continued to be the supervision  and investigation of the whole system of penal and charitable  institutions in the state, and the board was now given greater fiscal and legal means of accomplishing this duty.  The board was authorized to  employ a commissioner of public welfare and other employees and to expend appropriated funds.  (The first commissioner, Roland F. Beasley, served three years.  Over the next forty-three years, there were only three other commissioners--each serving at least ten years--Kate Burr Johnson, Annie K. Bost, and Ellen B. Winston.  Winston became the first and only U.S. Commissioner of Welfare, 1963-67.)  Charitable institutions for children, such as private orphanages, were required to submit to the board an annual statement of moneys received and expended and work done, and to be licensed annually by the board before soliciting funds from the public.  The board was authorized to inspect any public or private charitable institution, to review for approval the building plans for new institutions, and to receive any reports requested from the officers or employees of the institutions.  The 1917 act also redesigned the county \"board of visitors\" system that the board had developed.  Boards of county commissioners were encouraged to create a three-member county board of charities and public welfare, and to hire a county superintendent of public welfare.  The county superintendent, required to be certified by the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, was authorized to represent the state board in relation to its work or duties in the county.  Additional duties of the state board were set forth in the 1917 act. These included the investigation of the causes, treatment, and prevention of social problems such as unemployment, vagrancy, family and marital problems, inadequate housing, crime, child welfare and delinquency, and the treatment of prisoners.  The board was to issue bulletins and otherwise educate the public on these subjects, to attend social service conventions, and to help promote programs intended to improve social conditions in the state.  The General Assembly of 1919 revised the state board's powers.  All orphanages and similar institutions for children continued to be  licensed annually by the board in order to operate, and licenses could be revoked if \"the public welfare or the good of the children\" was not being properly served.  The state board, instead of the county commissioners, appointed the members of the county boards of charities and public welfare.  In counties with a population above twenty-five  thousand, the county boards of commissioners and boards of education were now required to appoint jointly a county superintendent of public welfare.  Cities were required to consolidate their services with the  county boards.  By using the system of county boards and superintendents of charities and public welfare, the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare was able to administer programs at the local level and receive regular reports on local conditions.  Under the 1917 act and its  expansion in 1919, the county superintendents were responsible for the following duties: to enforce school attendance; to administer funds for the poor; to oversee prisoners on probation or parole, dependent and delinquent children, and persons discharged from hospitals for the insane; to promote employment and wholesome recreation; to furnish any reports or information requested by the state board; and to act as the state board's agent in local matters.  The creation of the juvenile court system in 1919 placed juvenile detention and probation under the supervision of the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare.  The enactment of new compulsory school attendance criteria and child employment laws included the creation of a new commission, the State Child Welfare Commission.  The commissioner of public welfare, the superintendent of Public Instruction, and the secretary of the State Board of Health served on this commission which enforced the laws on child labor and school attendance.  The State Board of Charities and Public Welfare created the Division of Child Welfare in 1919 to administer its increased work with children.  In 1920 the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare was  organized into five bureaus and the commissioner's office.  The Bureau of Child Welfare handled case work, supervised institutes for defective, delinquent, and dependent children, and gave general oversight to the Mothers' Aid Program, begun in 1923 to aid needy widowed, divorced, or deserted mothers of young children.  The Bureau of Institutional  Supervision inspected and supervised the state and county prison systems, hospitals for the insane, county homes for the aged and infirm, and other charitable institutions.  The Bureau of Mental Health and Hygiene began collecting data and providing information on mental pathology, dependency, and delinquency.  The Bureau of Promotion and Education  created and disseminated information for the general public on social problems and helped conduct professional conferences on social work. The Bureau of County Organization helped select and train county superintendents of public welfare and assisted in organizing the county juvenile courts.  In 1925 the Bureau of Work Among Negroes, initially created to administer a three-year grant, was added to study social problems  affecting blacks and to coordinate community-based programs.  Also in 1925, the state board implemented a state plan of public welfare, and in the same year it began a close cooperation with the newly established School of Public Welfare at the University of North Carolina, for the training of social workers. By 1928, school attendance had become a separate bureau from child welfare, and in 1930 the Bureau of Promotion and Education was absorbed within the commissioner's office. The legislature of 1935 designated the board as the central registration  point for all completed adoption proceedings.  Federal programs under the Social Security Act of 1935 were also coordinated by the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare.  Full- time welfare departments were created in thirty-one counties that did not already have superintendents of public welfare.  The state board created the Division of Field Social Work in 1935 to coordinate federal, state, and county welfare and relief programs.  Other divisions or units were created as needed to coordinate relief programs such as surplus commodity distribution, and assisting in the selection of Civilian Conservation Corps workers.  In 1937 the General Assembly created the Division of Public Assistance within the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare to coordinate assistance for the aged and for dependent children.   The State Old Age Assistance Fund and the State Aid to Dependent Children Fund were created to administer both federal social security funds and state and county funds set aside to assist these groups.  The State  Board of Allotments and Appeal was created within the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare to determine disbursement of these funds.  In 1941 the General Assembly amended the statute regarding county welfare boards and revised the method of electing board members.  The county commissioners and the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare each appointed one member, and these two members appointed a third. Each county was required to have a board of charities and public welfare selected by 1 April 1941, and each of these boards was to appoint a  county superintendent of public welfare.  The act also amended the duties of the county superintendents to include the added responsibilities of issuing employment certificates to children, preparing and submitting petitions for sterilization of  individuals to the Eugenics Board of North Carolina, and administering the Old Age Assistance and Aid to Dependent Children programs in their counties.  The General Assembly of 1945 changed the names to the State Board of Public Welfare and the county boards of public welfare.  In 1949 the State General Assistance Fund was created as a statewide system to provide all needy persons with the necessitites of life, by disbursing federal, state, and county funds through the county superintendent of public welfare.  In 1951, the board was authorized to set up a State  Boarding Fund for the Aged and Infirm, and in 1955 the General Assembly created the State Fund for the Hospitalization of Assistance Recipients. Both funds were regulated by the State Board of Public Welfare.  In 1961 the General Assembly transferred responsibility for licensure of nursing homes from the joint control of the State Board of Public Welfare and the Medical Care Commission to the State Board of Health.  The General Assembly of 1969 required that the secretary of the Eugenics Board be an employee of the State Board of Public Welfare appointed to that office by the commissioner of public welfare.  In 1969 the names of the state board and the county boards were changed to boards of social services instead of public welfare.  The State Board of Social Services, still consisting of seven members, was appointed by the governor for six-year terms after staggered first terms.  The commissioner of social services, appointed by the board, served as the chief administrator of the State Department of Social Services.  The county boards of social services were composed of three or five members, at the option of the county commissioners.  The county boards selected the county directors of social services, who were responsible for the duties of the former superintendents of public welfare.  Under the Executive Organization Act of 1971, the State Board of Social Services and the State Department of Social Services were transferred to the newly created Department of Human Resources (DHR). Although the board and the Department of Social Services retained their statutory powers and duties, executive and managerial authority was transferred to the secretary of the Department of Human Resources.  The Executive Organization Act of 1973 reorganized the DHR, and the names of the social services board and department were changed to the Social Services Commission and the Division of Social and Rehabilitative Services.  Initially the Social Services Commission was to be composed of the seven members of the former State Board of Social Services, with subsequent members appointed as before by the governor to six-year terms. The powers previously vested in the office of the commissioner for  Social Services were transferred to the secretary of the Department of  Human Resources.  In 1973 the General Assembly passed the Protection of the Abused or Neglected Elderly Act, which required county directors to evaluate elderly persons reported in need of protective services and to provide such services either with consent or by court order if the person is   unable to give consent. (By 1981 this was the Protection of the Abused,   Neglected or Exploited Disabled Adult Act.)  In 1975 the General Assembly changed the name from the Division of Social and Rehabilitative Services to the Division of Social Services. In 1977 the General Assembly changed the number of members on the Social Services Commission to one member per congressional district (eleven at that time) to be appointed by the governor.  The Social Services Study Commission was created in 1979 by the General Assembly to assess the state's current programs, plan for pending welfare reforms, and identify unmet needs in social services.  In 1981 the General Assembly recodified the Social Services laws based upon recommendations from the study commission.  The following programs of public assistance were established:  aid to families with dependent children, state-county special assistance for adults, the food stamp program, foster care and adoption assistance payments, low income energy assistance program, and the program of medical assistance.  These programs were to be administered at the county level under the rules of the Social Services Commission and the DHR. This 1981 act also established the Protection of the Abused, Neglected or Exploited Disabled Adult Act, which required county directors to evaluate and assign protective services for certain adults.  In 1991 the General Assembly changed the statute on child abuse or neglect by requiring the director of the Division of Social Services to notify the State Bureau of Investigation of child sexual abuse cases. Another act in 1991 authorized the Division of Social Services to pilot a program of family-centered services, the Family Preservation Services Program.  The Division of Social Services had evolved into a state- supervised, county-administered system providing supportive and  protective services for dependent children, disabled adults including the frail elderly, and other eligible persons needing assistance.  REFERENCES:  P.L., 1868-69, c. 170.  P.L., 1869-70, c. 154.  P.L., 1870-71, c. 106.  P.L., 1891, c. 491.  P.L., 1917, c. 170.  P.L., 1919, cc. 46, 97, 100.  P.L., 1923, c. 260.  P.L., 1935, c. 243.  P.L., 1937, c. 288.  P.L., 1941, c. 270.  S.L., 1945, c. 43.  S.L., 1949, c. 1038.  S.L., 1951, c. 90.  S.L., 1955, c. 969.  S.L., 1961, c. 51.  S.L., 1969, cc. 546, 677.  S.L., 1971, c. 864, s. 15.  S.L., 1973, cc. 476, s. 134-138; 1378  S.L., 1975, c. 90.  S.L., 1977, c. 516.  S.L., 1979, c. 992.  S.L., 1981, c. 275.  S.L., 1991, cc. 593; 900, s. 147.  G.S. 108A, 143B-150.5 through 143B-156 [1992].  North Carolina Constitution of 1868, Art. II.  Aydlett, A. Laurance.  \"The North Carolina State Board of Public   Welfare.\"  THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL REVIEW 24, no. 1  (1947):     1-33.  Miles, Rufus E., Jr.  THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE.   New York:  Praeger Publishers, 1974.  Pp. 44, 128-129, 315.  North Carolina Historical Commission.  NORTH CAROLINA MANUAL, 1927.   Compiled and edited by A. R. Newsome.  Raleigh: State Printers,   1927.  P. 153.  Odum, Howard W., and D. W. Dillard.  \"The North Carolina Plan,\" in   SYSTEMS OF PUBLIC WELFARE.  Chapel Hill:  University of North   Carolina Press, 1925.  Pp. 172-211.  Yearns, W. Buck, ed.  THE PAPERS OF THOMAS JORDAN JARVIS, VOLUME I,   1869-1882.  Raleigh:  State Department of Archives and History,   1969.  Pp. 55-58."},{"label":"Digital Characteristics","value":"11 pages"},{"label":"Format","value":["Finding aids"]},{"label":"Rights","value":"This item is provided courtesy of the State Archives of North Carolina and is a public record according to G.S.132."},{"label":"Source Collections","value":["Social Services Records. 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