{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/ncdcr/iiif/0edd891e-68f3-4171-839f-f50ee97ed8ca/manifest","label":"Osteopathic_Examiners","metadata":[{"label":"Title","value":"State Agency Finding Aid: Board of Osteopathic Examination and Registration, 1907-1985"},{"label":"MARS ID","value":"139"},{"label":"Digital Collections","value":["Legacy Finding Aids Collection"]},{"label":"Identifier","value":"Osteopathic_Examiners"},{"label":"Digital Format","value":["application/pdf"]},{"label":"Hosted By","value":["State Archives of North Carolina"]},{"label":"Metadata Creator","value":["Cusick, Aaron"]},{"label":"Type","value":["Text"]},{"label":"Notes Public","value":"If you have questions about this collection, please contact the State Archives of North Carolina at archives@ncdcr.gov."},{"label":"Source","value":"Board of Osteopathic Examination and Registration Records. State Archives of North Carolina"},{"label":"Language","value":["English"]},{"label":"Description","value":"Specific legislation governing the practice of osteopathy was enacted  by the General Assembly largely as a result of a North Carolina Supreme  Court decision.  In State v. McKnight, handed down in 1902, the court  recognized that osteopathy is a \"mode of treatment which absolutely       excludes medicines and surgery from its pathology.\"  Accordingly, the court held that contemporary statutes requiring standard medical    examination and licensing before entering practice did not apply to osteopaths.  In 1907 the General Assembly enacted comprehensive legislation  regulating the practice of osteopathy.  Osteopathy was defined as \"the  science of healing without the use of drugs, as taught by the various  colleges of osteopathy recognized by the American Osteopathic Association.\"  A State Board of Osteopathic Examination and Registration  was established, consisting of five members appointed by the governor.   The five initial appointees were to be chosen from a panel of ten candidates recommended by the North Carolina Osteopathic Society, and the candidate pool could be increased to fifteen at the request of the  governor.  These first five served staggered terms, and subsequent  members served five-year terms.  Later members were to be appointed by the governor from a group of at least five recommended by the society.   The board was authorized to elect from its membership a president,  secretary, and treasurer who were to serve one-year terms.  The chief responsibility of the Board of Osteopathic Examination and Registration was to certify osteopaths to practice in North Carolina.   To qualify for certification, a candidate was to be at least twenty-one years old; to submit an application as prescribed by the board; to remit  a twenty-five dollar application fee; to have graduated from a reputable  high school or college; to have received a diploma from a board- recognized school or college of osteopathy; and to have passed the  board's examination in other scientific and medical subjects.  The board could also accept five years or more of professional  osteopathic practice in lieu of the educational requirements.   Additionally, medical school graduates who had also received a physician's certificate from a reputable school of osteopathy could  satisfy the educational requirements.  The board could license by  reciprocity those osteopaths legally certified by boards in other   states.  The secretary of the board could grant temporary licenses valid  until the next full meeting of the board.  The board was also authorized to refuse certification to, or revoke certification of, convicted felons, those guilty of unprofessional conduct, and those addicted to any vice rendering them unfit to practice osteopathy.  A practicing osteopath  accused of such an offense had the right to a hearing before the board.  Certified osteopaths were to be subject to all state and local  regulations concerning medical practice and public health.  Persons misrepresenting themselves as osteopaths, fraudulently engaged in the  practice of osteopathy, or illegally using the forms and letters of osteopathy would be guilty of a misdemeanor.  In 1913 the legislature extended the provisions of the 1907 act to cover all other \"non-drug giving practitioners by whatever name known or  [they] call themselves, or whatever school they claim to be graduates   [of] or hold diplomas [from]....\"  The North Carolina Osteopathic Society  was substituted for the American Osteopathic Association regarding  recognition of schools and colleges of osteopathy.  In 1937 the General Assembly removed other non-drug practitioners and  institutions from the provisions of the law regulating osteopathy.  Reasons for suspension or revocation of license were expanded to include lack of a good moral character, obtaining or attempting to obtain a  license by fraud or misrepresentation, gross malpractice, false or  deceptive advertising, practicing or advertising under a false name, and  habitual drunkenness or addiction to drugs.  Some of these were also punishable misdemeanors.  If it chose, the board could, after a formal hearing, restore a license that had been revoked.  In 1959 amendments specified that an applicant for osteopathic       certification must have completed a four-year course of study in  osteopathy conforming to standards established by the American  Osteopathic Association, and must pass written examinations administered  by the board in such subjects as anatomy, bacteriology, biochemistry,  toxicology, physiology, chemistry, and histology.  The legislature also  provided for annual registration of osteopaths and reaffirmed the  acceptance of duly recognized osteopaths previously licensed by other states or by the National Board of Examination for Osteopathic  Physicians and Surgeons.  Over the years the practice of osteopathy, which originally avoided  the use of medicine and surgery, began to employ medical and surgical procedures.  Recognizing that doctors of osteopathy practiced as fully trained physicians, the 1969 General Assembly required persons who  graduated from osteopathic schools after 1 January 1960, to comply with  the same requirements as medical doctors and to be licensed by the Board  of Medical Examiners.  Persons who had graduated from osteopathic schools prior to 1960 continued to be limited by statute to non-drug and  non-surgical modes of practice and continued to be licensed by the Board  of Osteopathic Examination and Registration.  By 1979 there were only twelve active osteopaths in the state who were licensed by the Board of  Osteopathic Examination and Registration.  Legislation enacted in 1969 and 1971 confirmed that osteopaths licensed by the Board of Medical Examiners might practice medicine and surgery.  In 1979 the Board of Osteopathic Examination and Registration was  included under the provisions of the \"sunset law.\"  The Governmental Evaluation Commission, created by the legislature to examine the  effectiveness of dozens of state regulatory and licensing agencies,  reported in early 1980 that the Board of Osteopathic Examination and  Registration should be abolished or substantially overhauled.  With only  twelve practicing non-medical osteopaths subject to board license  renewals, the commission questioned the wisdom of continuing the board  past the proposed termination date of 1 July 1981.  The General Assembly postponed the termination date, however, and in 1983 it re-created the board.  The five-member board was to be reduced by attrition to three.  Each subsequent vacancy would be filled by the governor from a list of names provided by the North Carolina Osteopathic  Society.  Duties of the board and certification requirements remained  the same, but registration fees were raised.  In 1993 the General Assembly removed specific punishments from the section of the law dealing with revocations, suspensions, and misdemeanors.  REFERENCES:  P.L., 1907, c. 764, ss. 1-2, 4-6.  P.L., 1913, c. 92, ss. 2-3.  P.L., 1937, c. 301.  S.L., 1959, c. 705, ss. 1-2.  S.L., 1969, cc. 612, ss. 1-2; 929.  S.L., 1971, c. 1150.  S.L., 1977, c. 712, ss. 3-7.  S.L., 1979, c. 1173, s. 1.  S.L., 1983, c. 107, ss. 1-2.  S.L., 1993, c. 539, s. 630.  G.S. 90-129 through 90-138 [1994].  North Carolina Governmental Evaluation Commission.  STAFF REPORT ON   NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF OSTEOPATHIC EXAMINATION AND   REGISTRATION.  Raleigh, [1979].  Pp. 1-2, 7-9.  STATE V. MCKNIGHT. NORTH CAROLINA REPORTS 131 (1902): 717."},{"label":"Digital Characteristics","value":"9 pages"},{"label":"Format","value":["Finding aids"]},{"label":"Rights","value":"This item is provided courtesy of the State Archives of North Carolina and is a public record according to G.S.132."},{"label":"Source Collections","value":["Board of Osteopathic Examination and Registration Records. State Archives of North Carolina"]}],"description":"State Agency Finding Aid: Board of Osteopathic Examination and Registration, 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