{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/ncdcr/iiif/058c3121-1662-4f6b-9834-c1a8f94a374f/manifest","label":"Treasurer","metadata":[{"label":"Title","value":"State Agency Finding Aid: State Treasurer, 1885-1998"},{"label":"MARS ID","value":"13"},{"label":"Digital Collections","value":["Legacy Finding Aids Collection"]},{"label":"Identifier","value":"Treasurer"},{"label":"Digital Format","value":["application/pdf"]},{"label":"Hosted By","value":["State Archives of North Carolina"]},{"label":"Metadata Creator","value":["Cusick, Aaron"]},{"label":"Type","value":["Text"]},{"label":"Notes Public","value":"If you have questions about this collection, please contact the State Archives of North Carolina at archives@ncdcr.gov."},{"label":"Source","value":"State Treasurer Records. State Archives of North Carolina"},{"label":"Language","value":["English"]},{"label":"Description","value":"[In 1961 when the Archives' staff began arranging the papers of the  state treasurer and state comptroller, a decision was made to treat as  one group the papers of the two offices through the year 1868 when the  latter office ceased to exist. It had become apparent that there would  be great difficulty in distinguishing the separate provenance of the  papers since the records had become intermingled prior to their transfer  to the Archives and the types of records created by the two offices were  so similar. Furthermore, over the course of years so many duplicate  records had been filed in both offices that it was impossible to  determine which office originated each document and transaction.  [At the same time it was also decided to include in the Treasurer's  and Comptroller's Papers other previously separate groups of records in  the Archives that were of financial nature. These included the Indian  Collection, Miscellaneous Railroad Papers, all financial papers of the  War of the Revolution, and the Customs House and Ports Records. The  accession records for the latter two groups seemed to indicate that  these had come into the Archives as part of the Treasurer's and  Comptroller's Papers, and had been made part of a separate collection  at a later date.]   In 1669 the lords proprietors devised for the colony of Carolina  a set of rules and regulations called the Fundamental Constitutions of  Carolina. Few records survive from this early period, and apparently  only a few portions of the Fundamental Constitutions were actually  implemented. However, North Carolina's governmental agencies of the  1700s that dealt with public monies and claims can be traced to some  extent to the offices outlined in the Fundamental Constitutions.  Significantly, the document provided for a Treasurer's Court to handle  matters pertaining to public money.  Under a plan that was later implemented in part, the court was to  consist of a proprietor and six counsellors known as treasurers,  who in turn were assisted by twelve auditors.   Prior to 1711, sheriffs or marshalls usually collected taxes, and  the Assembly paid claims on the public purse. The precise year of  creation of the position of public treasurer during North Carolina's  colonial period remains unclear, although many historical accounts  date the beginning of the office to the time of the Tuscarora War  (1711-1713) when finances had become a major problem for the colony.  It appears that the Assembly appointed precinct treasurers at the  beginning of the war to collect taxes levied to cover military expenses.  In 1712 the Assembly also began to issue paper money, and by 1714 had  assigned Edward Moseley,  a former speaker of the Assembly, the task  of supervising the exchanging of new emissions of currency for  previous ones. In 1715 Moseley was reelected speaker and began to  serve as the colony's public treasurer by receiving monies appropriated  by the Assembly and disbursing them as the Assembly required.  In 1722 the Assembly eliminated the positions of  precinct treasurers and transferred the duty of collecting taxes to the  high sheriffs and their deputies. By the same act, the public treasurer  was given responsibility for supervising the tax money collected by the  sheriffs, auditing their accounts, and presenting the accounts to the  next Assembly. When the Assembly issued new paper currency in 1729, it  appointed eleven treasurers to receive the taxes. Moseley was serving  as public treasurer at the meeting of North Carolina's first royal  legislature in 1731. He continued in service after the practice of  appointing precinct treasurers fell to disuse later in the decade, and  their duties were again assigned to the sheriffs.    In 1735 North Carolina was divided into two districts, northern  and southern, with a public treasurer for each. A 1748 law defined their  duties as receiving public monies from the sheriffs, holding all taxes  levied by the Assembly, and submitting accounts to that body for  auditing. Their term was for four years and each was required to  put up a bond. The two treasurers were \"commonly appointed by  Act of Assembly,\" according to Governor William Tryon in a treatise  written in 1767. Despite the crown's opposition to this practice,  the Assembly both appointed the treasurers and consistently  maintained control over the auditing of the treasurers' accounts.    The Constitution of North Carolina of 1776 specified that the  treasurer or treasurers were to be chosen by joint ballot of both houses  of the General Assembly and were to serve a term of one year. That  constitution also prohibited any officeholder from holding more than  one gainful office at a time, and any treasurer from simultaneously  holding a legislative seat or serving as a member of the Council of  State. Following the implementation of the constitution, successive  legislatures enacted various laws to direct the administration of  fiscal matters and to prescribe specific measures for the  disposition of military claims against the state.    In 1779 the General Assembly provided for six treasurers to serve  the recently established judicial districts of Edenton, Wilmington,  New Bern, Hillsboro, Halifax, and Salisbury. In 1782, the new judicial  district of Morgan was added, with provisions for it to have its own  treasurer.    The concept of multiple public auditors can also be traced to the  Fundamental Constitutions, which called for twelve auditors to assist  the treasurers of the Treasurer's Court. Until the time of the  Tuscarora War the colony had not issued paper currency, and  there was a chronic shortage of coin and currency of other colonies.  As revenue increased in the colony, so did the numbers of  officials dealing with fiscal matters. For a period of time  following the war there were two sets of commissioners for  examining, stating, and adjusting the public accounts, one for  Bath County and another for Albemarle County. Named by each Assembly,  the commissioners called before them all those entrusted with  the task of collecting the provincial revenues. Having checked the  accounts, the commissioners prepared and submitted a report to the  Assembly and concluded their duties.    After the colony came under crown jurisdiction in 1729, the  auditor general of plantation accounts in Great Britain appointed a  deputy auditor to account for crown revenues arising from land in  North Carolina. Revenues from customs were collected and accounted  for by customs officials. Domestic revenues continued to be levied  by the General Assembly, and over those it exercised the function of  a comptroller through its committee of claims throughout the colonial  period.    In 1780 the General Assembly established a single Board of Auditors  composed of three members elected by both houses. However, one body  apparently proved inadequate to perform the tasks of settling the  state's accounts, adjusting claims against the state for military and  other services rendered, and reviewing the accounts of all persons  entrusted with public monies. Consequently, the General Assembly in 1781  established boards of auditors in the seven judicial districts, and the  following year authorized them to adjust the accounts of the county  commissioners within their jurisdiction.    In 1782 the General Assembly established the office of comptroller  so that \"the public accounts of this state should be immediately settled,  and those of several departments collected into one office, so that the  Legislature may have a clean and distinct view of the accounts, and of  the state of each department from time to time.\" The comptroller's duties  included directing the mode of stating, checking, and controlling all  public accounts and entering these in special books for inspection.  This act also called for the continuation of boards of auditors in  the established judicial districts. In 1783 the General Assembly  specified that the comptroller general, instead of the separate county  courts, was to adjust and settle the accounts of the commissioners of  confiscated property, sheriffs, and other officials having custody of  confiscated property for their respective counties. In an additional  act in 1783, the comptroller was authorized in the performance of his  duties \"to call upon and demand\" the public books and vouchers of the  various boards of auditors, district treasurers, the commissioners of  specific taxes, and those who served as military quarter-masters and  commissaries.    In 1784 the General Assembly eliminated the multiple treasurer  conceptand provided for one state treasurer with an office at  Hillsborough. Initially, the state treasurer was to be elected  by joint vote of the two houses of the legislature for a term of  two years. In 1787 the General Assembly required that the county  sheriffs and other collectors of public monies settle their accounts  with the comptroller, who was directed to report on an annual  basis to the state treasurer. Additionally, the clerks of the  courts were to submit to the comptroller returns on taxable properties  within their respective counties. The comptroller, in turn, was  charged with opening an account with the treasurer.    From the 1780s until the period preceding the Civil War, the  state treasurer was assigned the task of keeping an account of all  the state's receipts and expenditures, including salaries, expenses,  and claims against the state. He was charged with presenting an  accurate statement of the treasury at each legislative session,  subject to verification by the Committee of Finance, and submitting  books and accounts at any time to random inspection and examination  by members of the General Assembly. The state treasurer was given  other duties, including keeping accounts through the comptroller with  the sheriffs and other county officials, entering suits against sheriffs  delinquent in their accounts, handling the account of the comptroller,  and approving officials' expenses when he settled their accounts.  He was prohibited from paying any grant or warrant unless it stated  the reason for which it was issued. The treasurer was also required  to grant receipts for all payments made to the treasurer's office,  with one to be filed in the comptroller's office and the other  granted to the payee and endorsed by the comptroller. However, until  a new Constitution was implemented in 1868, the duties and functions  of the state treasurer apparently varied widely from time to time.    In 1827 the General Assembly specified that the treasurer and  comptroller were to make monthly settlements of all the separate  accounts of public monies, balancing them and designating which  funds were to be deposited immediately in the banks holding state  monies. Cashiers were required by the law to give duplicate  certificates for each deposit, one to the comptroller and one  to the treasurer. The same act required that receipts and  expenditures of two special accounts, the Fund for Internal  Improvements and the Literary Fund, were to be passed through  the comptroller's office for examination and entry.    Under separate acts enacted in 1836, the state treasurer and  the comptroller were each made subject to a biennial election by the  legislature, with oaths to be taken and bonds to be given before  entering office. The following year the General Assembly empowered  the treasurer to \"move for judgment\" against those indebted to the  state in any court of record in North Carolina. Two decades later,  the General Assembly of 1856-1857 again expanded the duties of the  state treasurer, requiring that officer to present to each opening  session of the General Assembly estimates of the state government  expenses and the rates of taxation necessary to cover those costs  for the next two years.    The public accounts of the state continued to be handled by the  comptroller until 1862, when the General Assembly established the  office of auditor of public accounts, subject to election every two  years by the General Assembly in the same manner in which the state  treasurer and comptroller were elected. Under terms of this act,  the auditor of public accounts was to receive, audit, and adjust all  accounts or claims against the state, certify the amounts and balances,  and file these in the office of the comptroller. When the Constitution  of 1868 was implemented, the office of auditor of public accounts was  replaced with the office of state auditor, and the office of comptroller  ceased to exist.    The Constitution of 1868 also provided for the office of state  treasurer to serve as a member of the State Board of Education and the  Council of State. In the latter capacity the treasurer was to advise  the governor in the execution of his office and, like the governor  and other members of the Council of State, was subject to popular  election every four years. The constitution specified that other duties  of the treasurer were to be prescribed thereafter by law. Under provisions  of a comprehensive law enacted by the General Assembly of 1868-1869,  the state treasurer was to receive all money paid into the state treasury,  keep records of all money deposited and withdrawn from the state's bank  accounts, pay all warrants drawn by the auditor on the treasury, maintain  an office in Raleigh, and report to the General Assembly. Under separate  legislation in 1868, the treasurer was authorized to borrow money on a  temporary basis in advance of the collection of public taxes, in the  event that funds were ever needed to pay the interest on the public debt.    The General Assembly of 1876-1877 designated the state treasurer as  the treasurer of the State Board of Education. Additionally, the General  Assembly of 1879 directed the state treasurer to keep the accounts of the  state's asylums and penal institutions. During that period the General  Assembly enacted several laws requiring the state treasurer to cooperate  with other officials in the collection of property taxes--with the state  auditor and, on the local level, with the boards of county commissioners,  which since 1868 had been granted primary authority to levy, collect,  and disburse county taxes. For example, in 1879 the General Assembly  stipulated that the state treasurer was to furnish the boards of county  commissioners with official forms to be used in their efforts to obtain  from tax-payers sworn itemized statements of and appraisals of personal  property. In 1885 the General Assembly required the boards of county  commissioners to consult with the state treasurer when legal questions  concerning local tax lists arose and to be governed by those decisions.  In 1891 the General Assembly broadened the state treasurer's  responsibility by vesting in that office authority to decide all  questions arising from the execution of the  state's various revenue acts.   In 1901 the General Assembly again extended the state treasurer's  powers in regard to taxation, authorizing the state treasurer and the  state auditor to challenge appraisals of corporate properties and  specified a procedure whereby appeals could be heard in the state's  courts. However, the state treasurer as well as the state auditor were  relieved of duties related to taxation and revenue control following  constitutional and statutory changes in 1920 and 1921. These  modifications resulted in the establishment of a Department of  Revenue headed by a commissioner, the enactment of a modern income  tax law, and the state's abandonment of its involvement in tangible  property taxes.    During the early twentieth century, different legislatures enacted  laws naming the state treasurer as the custodian of several special  funds, including the state's share of the Smith-Hughes Congressional  Vocational Education Fund in 1917, and the World War Veterans Loan Fund  in 1925. Also in 1925, the General Assembly made the state treasurer the  ex officio treasurer of the Sinking Fund Commission and the custodian of  that fund and any investments made by the commission.    In 1927 the General Assembly enacted another law permitting the  state treasurer to borrow money for the state in the event of an  emergency, but required such action to be authorized by the governor  and Council of State. A second law passed the same year  stipulated that the state treasurer could borrow money in the  anticipation of the collection of taxes. In 1929  the General Assembly abolished the office of treasurer in all state  institutions in which the state treasurer had been assigned to keep  accounts. Under the same act, the office of state treasurer was declared  to be an office of deposit and disbursement, and the only records and  accounts to be kept were those necessary to disclose the accountability  of that office. Those accounts deemed necessary were to be prescribed  by the governor as director of the budget under terms of the Executive  Budget Act of 1925. (Three decades later, however, the General Assembly  of 1955 specified that the state treasurer was to be independent of any  fiscal control by the governor as director of the budget or by the  assistant director of the budget.)    In 1931 the state treasurer was named an ex officio member of the  newly established Local Government Commission. Subsequently, the General  Assembly of 1933 provided for the transfer of the duties of the director  of Local Government Commission to the state treasurer, with the chief  functions being the establishment of uniform systems of accounting for  local government units and the supervision of their practices of  borrowing money and paying off loans. The state treasurer was also  designated as the treasurer and chairman of that commission.    A decade later, the General Assembly of 1943 authorized the governor  and the state treasurer, with the approval of the Council of State, to  invest any excess treasury funds in interest-bearing securities of the  state government and the federal government. During this period and for  several decades to follow, the office of the state treasurer included the  Disbursement and Security Division as well as the Cash and Investment  Division. Also during this period and beyond, the state treasurer was  assigned various ex officio duties and responsibilities with regard to  those state agencies concerned with banking, taxes, housing, hospital  finance, and several employee benefit programs, including the North  Carolina Teachers' and State Employees' Retirement System established  by the 1941 General Assembly. The state treasurer also continued to  serve on the State Board of Education,  as stipulated by the 1868 Constitution.   Under the provisions of the Constitution of 1971 and the Executive  Organization Act of that year, the state treasurer continued as a  constitutional officer whose responsibilities and terms remained  unchanged. The Executive Organization Act of 1971 also called for  the establishment of a Department of State Treasurer and for the  state treasurer to absorb those powers and functions previously  specified by legislative decree. Additionally, the act formally  transferred the Local Government Commission to the Department of  State Treasurer for administrative purposes.    In 1973 the Department of State Treasurer, along with other  state agencies, was reviewed by the Governor's Efficiency Study  Commission. The commission's report characterized the treasurer as  the chief fiscal advisor of all departments of state government  and as manager of the public debt, including the obligations of  the county and municipal subdivisions. The department was described  as responsible for the receiving, safekeeping, and disbursing of  all state funds, and for ensuring that cash is available to meet  all obligations and investing idle funds to bring the highest  possible return. The study listed the department's administrative  structure as follows: the Division of Funds, Investment Management,  and Public Debt Management and the Division of Administration and  Operations, and support staff for the Local Government Commission.  The report recommended that all retirement systems administered  under the state system be consolidated within the Department of the  State Treasurer, including those then managed by the Department of  State Auditor--the Firemen's Pension Fund and the Law Enforcement  Officers' Benefit and Retirement Fund. Subsequently, the department  established a Division of Employees' Retirement and Health Benefits.  Eventually, the General Assembly transferred all state-administered  funds for benefits and retirement to the Department of State Treasurer  where they came under this division. (It was renamed in 1985 as the  Division of Retirement Systems. The Law Enforcement Officers' Benefit  and Retirement Fund was later abolished and absorbed in 1986 by the  Local Governmental Employees' Retirement System, administered by the  state treasurer through the Division of Retirement Systems. The 1991  General Assembly followed up on the earlier recommendation and  transferred to the Department of State Treasurer the Firemen's and  Rescue Squad Workers' Pension Fund--the successor to the Firemen's  Pension Fund as renamed and restructured in 1981).    In 1975 the General Assembly enacted a law permitting the state  treasurer a broader latitude in the management of state funds. In 1979  the General Assembly authorized an investment program for the General  Fund and the Highway Fund and designated the state treasurer to advise  and assist the governor and Council of State in adopting the rules and  regulations for these programs. In 1987 the General Assembly expanded  the investment authority of the state treasurer, although it specified  the types of securities and corporate bonds and notes in which surplus  state funds might be invested to maximize safely the state's earnings.   During the period following the creation of the Department of State  Treasurer in 1971, the state treasurer has played an expanded role as  advisor to the monetary committees of the General Assembly. Additionally,  the state treasurer was given increased responsibilities for several  special funds, including the Escheat Fund which holds the assets of  state residents who have died without an heir and also any inactive  and unclaimed bank deposits. In 1983 the General Assembly provided  that any property abandoned within the state and not claimed within  ninety days was to be placed in the custody of the state treasurer,  to whom all further claims were to be directed.  To support these functions, an Escheat and Unclaimed Property  Section was established under the department's Division of  Administration Services.    As of 1992 the operations of the department were carried out by  four divisions under the supervision of the state treasurer. The  Division of Retirement Systems administered a total of four  retirement programs and eight fringe benefit plans for the  state's public employees. The Division of Investment and Banking  evolved from earlier divisions to carry out the state treasurer's  duties of receiving and disbursing all state monies and  administering the state's cash management and investment  programs. The Division of State and Local Government Finance was  designed to provide local governments throughout the state with  staff assistance in fiscal administration and in debt management,  a duty discharged primarily through the Local Government  Commission. The division also provides support to other agencies  whose statutory duties relate to the state's financial welfare.  Of these, the North Carolina Solid  Waste Management Capital Projects Financing Agency provides a loan  fund for financing the capital expenses of local and regional solid  waste management programs. Another is the North Carolina Educational  Facilities Finance Agency, which issues bonds providing financial  assistance to private institutions of higher education. Finally,  the Administrative Services Division continued to provide support to  the department's three operating divisions and to monitor the  operation of the Escheat Fund.    Note: In 1986 the General Assembly created an independent Office  of the State Controller to provide control over the expenditure and  disbursement of funds on a statewide basis. The state controller  was given primary responsibility to prescribe, develop, operate,  and maintain the State Accounting and Disbursing Systems and to  operate the State Information Processing Services (SIPS). Although  not a direct successor to the defunct historical office of state  comptroller, the state controller has similar responsibilities in  providing fiscal information and in \"checking and controlling\"  data in terms of regulating accounting systems and verifying  financial data.  REFERENCES: P.L., 1748, c. 1. In Clark, Walter, ed. THE STATE RECORDS OF NORTH     CAROLINA. Vol. XXIII. Raleigh: State of North Carolina, 1904;     Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot Publishing Co., 1994. Pp. 273-275. P.L., 1782, cc. 4, 12. P.L., 1783, cc. 15, 17.     P.L., 1787, c. 12.     P.L., 1827, c. 1.     P.L., 1836, cc. 15, 17.    P.L., 1837, cc. 18, s. 69, s. 91; 23.    Rev. Statutes, 1836-37, c. 23.  Rev. Code, 1855, cc. 23, 112.     P.L., 1856-57, c. 30.     P.L., 1862-63, c. 3.    P.L., 1868-69, cc. 105; 270, ss. 37-38, 71, 76.     P.L., 1876-77, c. 162, ss. 6-7.     P.L., 1879, cc. 71, c. 59; c. 240, s. 2.     P.L., 1883, cc. 60, s. 3; c. 404.     P.L., 1885, cc. 177, ss. 13-15; 238, s. 23.     P.L., 1887, c. 137, s. 125.     P.L., 1891, c. 326, s. 18.     P.L., 1895, c. 119, s. 17.     P.L., 1917, c. 270.     P.L., 1921, cc. 2, 40.     P.L., 1923, cc. 12, 236, 241.    P.L., 1925, cc. 128, 155.     P.L., 1927, cc. 49, 195.     P.L., 1929, c. 337, s. 3.     P.L., 1931, c. 60.     P.L., 1933, c. 31.     P.L., 1941, c. 25.     S.L., 1943, c. 2.     S.L., 1955, c. 578, s. 1.     S.L., 1971, c. 864, s. 6.     S.L., 1975, c. 519.     S.L., 1979, c. 467.     S.L., 1983, c. 204.     S.L., 1987, c. 751.     G.S. 143A-30 through 143A-33 [1992]. Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, Version of 21 July 1669. North Carolina Constitution of 1776. North Carolina Constitution of 1868, Art. III and IX. North Carolina Constitution of 1971, Art. III and IX. Boyles, Harlan E. KEEPER OF THE PUBLIC PURSE: THE STORY OF PUBLIC      FINANCE IN NORTH CAROLINA. With the collaboration of Charles     Heatherly. Boone, N.C.: Appalachian State University, 1994.    Pp.  143-155. Governor's Efficiency Study Commission. SURVEY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.     Raleigh, 1973. Pp. 27-28. Greene, Jack P. \"The North Carolina Lower House and the Power to Appoint  Public Treasurers, 1711-1775.\" NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL REVIEW  40, no. 1 (1963): 37-53.    Kay, Marvin L. Michael. \"Provincial Taxes in North Carolina During the     Administration of Dobbs and Tryon.\" NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL     REVIEW 42, no. 3 (1965): 440-453.     Lefler, Hugh Talmage, and Albert Ray Newsome. THE HISTORY OF A  SOUTHERN STATE: NORTH CAROLINA. Chapel Hill: University of North  Carolina Press, 1954. Pp. 35, 144, 212-213, 219. North Carolina Historical Commission. NORTH CAROLINA MANUAL, 1929.     Compiled and edited by A. R. Newsome. Raleigh, 1929. Pp. 75-78.    Office of the Secretary of State. NORTH CAROLINA MANUAL, 1991-1992.     Edited by Julie W. Snee. Raleigh, 1992. Pp. 48-59, 203. Paschal, Herbert Richard, Jr. \"Proprietary North Carolina: A Study in Colonial  Government.\" Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,  1961. Pp. 365-388. Powell, William S. NORTH CAROLINA THROUGH FOUR CENTURIES. Chapel Hill:     University of North Carolina Press, 1989. Pp. 21, 57-59, 77-80, 90.    Rankin, Robert S. THE GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF NORTH  CAROLINA. American Commonwealths Series, edited by W. Brooke  Graves. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1955. Pp. 98, 108, 132.    Raper, Charles Lee. NORTH CAROLINA: A STUDY IN ENGLISH COLONIAL     GOVERNMENT. New York: Macmillan Company, 1904. Pp. 113-114,     126, 129, 197-205. Tryon, Governor William. \"A View of the Polity of the Province of  North  Carolina, in the Year 1767.\" In Saunders, William L., ed. THE COLONIAL  RECORDS OF NORTH CAROLINA. Vol. VII. Raleigh: The State of North  Carolina, 1890; Wilmington, N.C.:  Broadfoot Publishing Co., 1993. Pp.  484-485.  For information about a related agency, see the agency history for the    State Auditor Record Group (#5)."},{"label":"Digital Characteristics","value":"1 page"},{"label":"Format","value":["Finding aids"]},{"label":"Rights","value":"This item is provided courtesy of the State Archives of North Carolina and is a public record according to G.S.132."},{"label":"Source Collections","value":["State Treasurer Records. 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