{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/d81ead81-efb7-415e-afdc-0d50ce0fcfa2/manifest","label":"gaa_jue-or-libation-cup_b28_b28","metadata":[{"label":"Identifier","value":"gaa_jue-or-libation-cup_b28_b28"},{"label":"Citation","value":"Object Name, Date Original (if known), GettDigital: Asian Art Collection, Special Collections / Musselman Library, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Access Date, Link to Item"},{"label":"Repository","value":"Special Collections and College Archives, Musselman Library, Gettysburg College"},{"label":"Inventory Number","value":"B28"},{"label":"Part of","value":["Asian Art GettDigital Collection"]},{"label":"Provenance","value":"The Estate of Prof. Frank Kramer; A note from Dr. Frank Kramer's folder \"Oriental Art-Inventory/Copy #1 (in Kramer's box 4, file #17), refers to these items as: \"China, a Chinese antique bronze in shape of a Chueh no doubt used in libations with wine. Bought of Mr. Frank Terrizzi of New York City for $200.00 through Cole Garreries, New York City for $20.00 commission. It was on consignment. Bought August 28, 1956. See papers. Average workmanship, good patina. A very desirable ancient bronze. Shang dynasty.\""},{"label":"Genre","value":["Artifacts"]},{"label":"Date","value":"D:00 M:00 Y:1800 - D:00 M:00 Y:1900"},{"label":"Date Original","value":"19th century CE"},{"label":"Era","value":["Qing dynasty"]},{"label":"Measurement","value":"Height: 20.8 cm; Width: 17.3 cm"},{"label":"Medium","value":["Brass with a bronze finish, surface of emerald-green patina treatment with traces of earthy incrustation","Metal"]},{"label":"Country of Origin","value":["China"]},{"label":"Description","value":"The Shang and Zhou ruling class emphasized sacrifices to the ancestors. However, the strong sense of spirituality and the ardent ancestor worship of the Early or Western Zhou period were less zealous than those of the Shang. Bronze decoration and design of this period were fundamentally a continuation of the later Shang with some modifications.* Although major techniques such as piece-mold were more sophisticated, the percentage of Jue vessels gradually diminished. More mesomorphic than the preceding vessel of late Shang (#65H4), the body of this Jue demonstrates an obvious change of shape with a more defined body, a curvy middle section bulging below the waist, and a more articulate bottom. It is slightly taller with a boat-shape body, a flaring trumpet-like spout, and a pronounced tail, supported by three blade-shaped feet splaying outwards. Two protracted rectangular posts, flat on the outer face and rounded on the inner face, are fractured and insecure, indicating that the post caps were casted separately. They stand on opposite sides of the rim, holding domed nail-head-like finials. Visible seams, running under the spout and the tail of the vessel, divide the main broad register densely decorated with symbolic bulging eyes with lozenge-shaped slit pupils emerging from coiled animal motifs; these fine incised sunken lines of the background resemble the leiwen spirals (of #65H4). The spreading of the décor onto the spout is rare on Jue, but not unique. The flat handle, surmounted by a head of an archaic dragon, is still in strong shape. Jue was one of the ritual wine-drinking bronze vessels for the élite class, exclusively used in sacrifices and rituals.** It was used to warm wine for libation.*** The interruption in the overall shape of the Jue and the coiled animal mask are leading motifs from Western Zhou. However, the bronze surface designs signify that these patterns are still zoomorphic. Prehistoric bronzes were mostly found from large hoards or graves, evidently indicated on the inner and outer surfaces covered with emerald-green patina and traces of earthy incrustation. However, through the process of examining this vessel, it has become obvious that it is indeed not an ancient bronze for the fact that it lacks the relative softness and thickness of bronze; that the handle is perfectly shiny and the worn out tips of the vessel's feet show traces of reddish brass, a material used in late Qing period to make reproduction of ancient artifacts; and that the brassy and shiny patina is indeed a simulated one that will not come off easily and yield a sharp acrid smell. In later times, reproductions of bronze vessels have continued to be fabricated to meet the endless demands of ceremonial functions and of enthusiastic Western collectors. *Yang, Xianeng offers two reasons for Western Zhou décor transformation: 1) the Zhou had neither the military power to control the whole country, nor an acceptable religious system to replace that of the Shang nationwide. 2) The Zhou nation itself was a member of the Shang ritual network. The Zhou rulership was established so quickly that the time was not yet ready to modify their religious beliefs overnight (Reflections of Early China: Decor, Pictographs, and Pictorial Inscription, p 372). ** In some earlier catalogues and textbooks, the term Jue is spelled Chüeh instead. *** From the Li Ki (or Book of Rites, original attributed to Chou Kung, Yuan edition, 1322 A.D.), one the principal source on religious cult in prehistoric China. In his dissertation Reflections of Early China: Decor, Pictographs, and Pictorial Inscription, Yang Xiaoneng categorized three idiosyncrasies of bronze decoration flourished from late Shang and early Zhou: 1) animal motif (such as animal mask, dragon, and phoenix) or an animal-shaped vessel often made from the parts of several different creatures (already created by prehistoric craftsmen), 2) various motifs occur on a single bronze in a fantastic composition of general plastic forms and the surface motifs that condense the spirit of the \" wild world\" (often a zoomorphic vessel in the round such as a bird-shaped vessel), 3) non-natural, unequivocal, and undistinguishable \" animal masks\" taotie. Bronze decor, including abstract or sophisticated images, composite or hybridized motifs, and designs of groups of \" animals,\" all were animated by religious interactions and developments of late prehistoric China and the polytheism of the Early Bronze Age. It is a generic pictorialization of pantheistic creature veneration and an incarnation of zoomorphism of the spiritual world of those societies."},{"label":"Title","value":"Jue or Libation Cup"},{"label":"Rights","value":"Materials available through GettDigital encompass a wide range of works, many of which are in the public domain. However, some items may still be protected by copyright or other intellectual property rights. Users are responsible for determining the copyright status of materials and ensuring compliance with all applicable laws when reproducing or publishing these works. Items in our GettDigital Collections are for educational use. For assistance in understanding rights, obtaining permissions, or requesting files for publication or research purposes, please contact us at <a href=\"www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/ask-an-archivist\">www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/ask-an-archivist</a>"},{"label":"Reference URL","value":"http://cdm16274.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4016coll6/id/1991"}],"description":"Jue or Libation Cup","sequences":[{"@type":"sc:Sequence","canvases":[{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/d81ead81-efb7-415e-afdc-0d50ce0fcfa2/canvas/_1","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Jue or Libation Cup","height":2636,"width":1556,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/d81ead81-efb7-415e-afdc-0d50ce0fcfa2/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/d81ead81-efb7-415e-afdc-0d50ce0fcfa2","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":512,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4,8]}]},"height":2636,"width":1556},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/d81ead81-efb7-415e-afdc-0d50ce0fcfa2/canvas/_1","metadata":[]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/d81ead81-efb7-415e-afdc-0d50ce0fcfa2/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}}]}],"thumbnail":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/d81ead81-efb7-415e-afdc-0d50ce0fcfa2/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","logo":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/logo"}