{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/36b27fa0-920b-465f-887f-13a225b43931/manifest","label":"gaa_brush-holder_107","metadata":[{"label":"Identifier","value":"gaa_brush-holder_107"},{"label":"Citation","value":"Object Name, Date Original (if known), GettDigital: Asian Art Collection, Special Collections / Musselman Library, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Access Date, Link to Item"},{"label":"Repository","value":"Special Collections and College Archives, Musselman Library, Gettysburg College"},{"label":"Inventory Number","value":"107"},{"label":"Part of","value":["Asian Art GettDigital Collection"]},{"label":"Provenance","value":"The Estate of Prof. Frank Kramer"},{"label":"Genre","value":["Artifacts"]},{"label":"Object Location","value":"J.11"},{"label":"Date","value":"D:00 M:00 Y:1400 - D:00 M:00 Y:1999"},{"label":"Date Original","value":"15th-16th century CE, 20th century CE"},{"label":"Measurement","value":"Height: 10.3 cm; Width: 5.0 cm; Thickness: 7 mm"},{"label":"Medium","value":["Probably Moss-Agate, with a slick surface, glassy texture, a waxy luster, and strands and flecks of dark brown moss.","Other stones"]},{"label":"Country of Origin","value":["China"]},{"label":"Description","value":"The stone's atypical texture and the untreated surface make this plain cylindrical brush holder unique. Rarely have brush holders of this type appeared in catalogs. Its general name is pi-t'ung. There are numerous materials used, both in antiquity and in the present day, to imitate jade that \"...almost every known greenish mineral that lends itself to carving has been used and confused at one time or another with jade.\"* There are several types of metamorphic rocks that have been used to simulate jade. Thus, in this case, it would not be sufficient and specific to just look at the physical appearance and texture of the stone to classify it to a certain category of minerals. The stone used to carve this object possesses internally fine natural color-graining. In some spots the texture looks like a lizard skin, and in others sprinkled black pepper. Close to the mouth of the brush holder is a spot of brownish discoloration, perhaps due to the natural alteration in the original rock or the action of fire (causing calcification). Another possible reason for this 'rust marking' is that a prolonged burial in the carboniferous substances or with human remains, such as in tombs might affect the jade structure. Whatever the cause and natural provenance of this stone, the texture is exquisite and has the look of old age. There is evidence of the use of jade in connection with literary life dating back to the Song period, where other hard stones were used to carve brush rests and brush containers. The fact that the surface is left plain implies that the carver had arbitrarily used the stone texture as an aesthetic statement. Dating this object is problematic in that there are two presumptions: 1) Prior to the Ming dynasty, what mattered were the specific qualities of jade in the service of certain functions. Especially during the tumultuous period of the three kingdoms and Six Dynasties (221-589 A.D.), there were violent political upheavals which caused the destruction of the majority of the contemporary works of art. A few surviving artifacts reveal the beginning of the Buddhist influence, parallel with those found in contemporary sculptures. The jade carver of that time did not aim at an exact representation of life or using an emblem as a form of inspiration, but rather to achieve forms that expressed a contemplative and super-mundane tranquility. Most artifacts of this period have vanished. The jade carver during the Mid-Ming period took increasing advantage of the natural color of the stone to accentuate the intricacy and beauty of his objects. This brush holder may have been carved somewhere prior to the Ming period (c. 15th to early 16th century A. D.) or in recent time. Those in between are always intricately adorned. 2) On the other hand, the smooth and well polished surface, the perfect circular form, the precise thickness, the deliberately untreated surface to display the stone texture, and the precise cutting technique also indicate that this could be a recent piece."},{"label":"Title","value":"Brush holder"},{"label":"Rights","value":"Materials available through GettDigital encompass a wide range of works, many of which are in the public domain. However, some items may still be protected by copyright or other intellectual property rights. Users are responsible for determining the copyright status of materials and ensuring compliance with all applicable laws when reproducing or publishing these works. Items in our GettDigital Collections are for educational use. For assistance in understanding rights, obtaining permissions, or requesting files for publication or research purposes, please contact us at <a href=\"www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/ask-an-archivist\">www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/ask-an-archivist</a>"},{"label":"Reference URL","value":"http://cdm16274.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4016coll6/id/483"}],"description":"Brush holder","sequences":[{"@type":"sc:Sequence","canvases":[{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/36b27fa0-920b-465f-887f-13a225b43931/canvas/_1","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"Brush holder","height":576,"width":384,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/36b27fa0-920b-465f-887f-13a225b43931/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/jpeg","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/36b27fa0-920b-465f-887f-13a225b43931","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":512,"scaleFactors":[1,2]}]},"height":576,"width":384},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/36b27fa0-920b-465f-887f-13a225b43931/canvas/_1","metadata":[]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/36b27fa0-920b-465f-887f-13a225b43931/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}}]}],"thumbnail":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/36b27fa0-920b-465f-887f-13a225b43931/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","logo":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/logo"}