{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/gettysburg/iiif/20bb229f-1423-49ff-b0f1-89a65c5bc424/manifest","label":"gaa_ivory-guanyin_h44_h44","metadata":[{"label":"Identifier","value":"gaa_ivory-guanyin_h44_h44"},{"label":"Citation","value":"Object Name, Date Original (if known), GettDigital: Asian Art Collection, Special Collections / Musselman Library, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Access Date, Link to Item"},{"label":"Repository","value":"Special Collections and College Archives, Musselman Library, Gettysburg College"},{"label":"Inventory Number","value":"H44"},{"label":"Part of","value":["Asian Art GettDigital Collection"]},{"label":"Provenance","value":"John H. Hampshire"},{"label":"Genre","value":["Artifacts"]},{"label":"Object Location","value":"I.45"},{"label":"Date","value":"D:00 M:00 Y:1800 - D:00 M:00 Y:1900"},{"label":"Date Original","value":"19th century CE"},{"label":"Era","value":["Late Qing dynasty"]},{"label":"Measurement","value":"Height: 45.5 cm  (approximate)"},{"label":"Medium","value":["Ivory"]},{"label":"Country of Origin","value":["China (attributed)"]},{"label":"Description","value":"The altruistic aspect of Mahayana Buddhism is well expressed in this magnificent ivory sculpture-in-the-round of the Buddhist Bodhisattva Guanyin (Sanskrit Avalokitesvara)*, the manifestation of universal compassion of the Amitabha Buddha. In Chinese Buddhist tradition, this Bodhisattva appears in female form and is commonly called the Goddess of Mercy or Guanyin (a shortened form of Guanshiyin), the Bodhisattva of limitless compassion or The Bodhisattva who listens to the sufferings of the world. ** This sculpture is an amalgamation of many representations of the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara in Asian Buddhist art with the softness of the modeling, a well-proportioned body, and a slim waist in an elaborate garment and headdress. Although the relief decorations on the carving reflect the late 19th century of a typical overly-ornate representation of South Chinese craftsmanship in religious sculpture, the Guanyin's graceful oval face has a Pan-Asiatic aspect that cannot be categorically classified as Chinese, Korean, or Japanese. Her body and gesture create an overall sense of elegance and reserve. Her hair forms in waves, accentuated with a gem at the center of the forehead. Her sharply curved eyebrows and closed almond eyes join above the long idealized nose. Her mouth has a natural form with defined lips. Her long distended earlobes wear lavish earrings that curve charmingly from the neck and along the well-rounded shoulders. The diaphanous, long, and flowing robe suggests ideal feminine beauty, yielding an overall impression of softness and svelteness. The Bodhisattva's palm-open right hand extends down in a gesture called Varada mudra, which means bestowing a blessing or charity, while her left hand holds up a stem of lotus buds, a symbol of purity. Behind her is a lotus petal-shaped aureole decorated with stylized flaming patterns and a sharply pointed keel that curves forward as if to protect the head of the Bodhisattva. This unique pose is commonly found in Buddhist sculptures in many Asian countries and has therefore become a signature of Buddhist art. Guanyin stands on a lotus pedestal intricately carved from a relic ivory tusk. Its base is supported by a crouching ferocious yaksha (Yecha in Chinese), a male supernatural being in Hindu and Buddhist mythology representing forces of nature. These divine creatures are known as protectors of Buddha and Buddhist Law. They are often depicted as stocky male figures wearing only loin cloths and jewelry. Below the Yecha is a three-tiered base, designed with floral and cloud patterns. From the Indian male form of the Avalokitesvara, the transformation to a feminine Guanyin was probably a result of the mixture between Buddhism and indigenous Chinese goddess worship that took place between the T'ang and the Song periods. The origin of Chinese goddesses worshipping is the wish for fertility, the promotion of procreation, and especially the birth of sons. In some Asian cultures, many expecting mothers pray to Guanyin as she is also the Goddess of Childbirth and Fertility. *Buddhism consists of three major traditions: 1) Mahayana or the Great Vehicle; schools of Buddhism, often known as the Northern Tradition, practiced mainly in Nepal, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. 2) Hinayana or the Lesser Vehicle, also called Theravada, orthodox schools of Buddhism, often known as the Southern Tradition, practiced mainly in Sri Lanka and areas of Southeast Asia. 3) Vajrayana or Diamond Vehicle, a branch of Mahayana Buddhism employing meditation, tantras, mantras, and esoteric rituals to achieve spiritual salvation and supernatural powers, took hold mainly in Tibet, Nepal, and Mongolia but also traveled as far as Japan. ** To many other Buddhist cultures, the Avalokitesvara or Guanyin is neither inherently male nor female. The term Bodhisattvas means being destined for Awakening. Through their virtues and compassion towards all beings, they prepare to become Buddhas. However, because of their devotion to the suffering world, they do not enter final Nirvana in order to help humans to attain salvation. A Bodhisattva can manifest in any form, realm, and physical location (bodies of metamorphosis or Nirmana) as appropriate to help sentient suffering beings.; Kuan Yin; Quan Yin"},{"label":"Title","value":"Ivory Guanyin"},{"label":"Rights","value":"Materials available through GettDigital encompass a wide range of works, many of which are in the public domain. However, some items may still be protected by copyright or other intellectual property rights. Users are responsible for determining the copyright status of materials and ensuring compliance with all applicable laws when reproducing or publishing these works. Items in our GettDigital Collections are for educational use. For assistance in understanding rights, obtaining permissions, or requesting files for publication or research purposes, please contact us at <a href=\"www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/ask-an-archivist\">www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/ask-an-archivist</a>"},{"label":"Reference URL","value":"http://cdm16274.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4016coll6/id/2057"}],"description":"Ivory 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