{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json","@type":"sc:Manifest","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/manifest","label":"Deandreis_to_Monte_Citorio_1819","metadata":[{"label":"Title","value":"Andreis, Felix de, 1778-1820 to the Conference of Monte Citorio, 21 June 1819"},{"label":"Date","value":"D:21 M:6 Y:1819"},{"label":"Creator","value":["Andreis, Felix de, 1778-1820"]},{"label":"Local Identifier","value":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004"},{"label":"Format","value":["Correspondence"]},{"label":"Type","value":["text"]},{"label":"Reproduction Type","value":["transcriptions (documents)"]},{"label":"Language","value":["Italian"]},{"label":"Rights","value":"Public Domain"},{"label":"Place","value":["St. Louis (Mo.)"]},{"label":"Repository","value":["DePaul University. Special Collections and Archives."]},{"label":"Collection Area","value":["Vincentian Archives of the Western Province"]},{"label":"Description","value":"Letter from Felix de Andreis, first Superior of the American Vincentians, to the city administrators of Rome, who convened at Palazzo Montecitorio. De Andreis describes the many challenges of bringing the Catholic religion to Missouri's diverse populations. Despite the difficulties, he expresses his love for serving the least regarded members of society and asks for aid to support the American missions. His description of the area's enslaved Black and mulatto population is located on page 3. An English translation of the Italian can be found in the <i>Item Details</i> section of each page."},{"label":"Subject","value":["Enslaved persons"]},{"label":"Container","value":"Box 2, Folder 4"},{"label":"Link to Finding Aid","value":"<a href=\"https://archives.depaul.edu/repositories/2/resources/581\" target=\"_blank\">Rev. Charles Souvay, C.M. papers</a>"},{"label":"Preferred Citation","value":"Andreis, Felix de, 1778-1820 to the Conference of Monte Citorio, 21 June 1819, Rev. Charles Souvay, C.M. papers. Special Collections and Archives, DePaul University."}],"description":"Andreis, Felix de, 1778-1820 to the Conference of Monte Citorio, 21 June 1819","sequences":[{"@type":"sc:Sequence","canvases":[{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_1","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004_001","height":3300,"width":2550,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/03c5faf2-3e05-48c3-9ebb-07fe4be344c7/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/tif","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/03c5faf2-3e05-48c3-9ebb-07fe4be344c7","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":1024,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4]}]},"height":3300,"width":2550},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_1","metadata":[{"label":"Translations","value":"St. Louis 21 June 1819\n-\nAd maiorem Dei gloriam.\n-\nHaving learned that one of our letters was recently read in the evening assembly of Monte Citorio, which continues to show zeal and interest for our mission, I prevail myself of the opportunity to have our Italian from Bergamo, who has been a long time resident of this city, and who is going to Europe for commercial business, direct a letter to the always esteemed and beloved said assembly, which still seems to contemplate me from its exalted seat.\n-\nI do not doubt that the news of a mission so remote is not enough to reawaken in the center of Christianity the extraordinary sentiments of piety, religion, zeal, and fervor in hearts sensitive to such sentiments. What difference, indeed, between Rome and Louisiana! There, one swims in the abundance of the means of sanctification, churches, ministers, functions, books, culture, good examples, monuments of piety, excitements of every kind; so that one must be the incarnation of malice to not feel compelled to live in a Christian manner. Here, on the contrary, one lacks every means of salvation, and circumstances conspire to remove from the mind and heart all religious ideas and sentiments. Our arrival in these barren scrublands could not be, to tell the truth, more opportune; I was assured of it by persons who pass for the most sensible in the country; these things had been taken as a sign, it was believed that if the hut that served as the church fell…"}]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/03c5faf2-3e05-48c3-9ebb-07fe4be344c7/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}},{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_2","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004_002","height":3300,"width":2550,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/b5134984-c140-4144-b7c2-4cec88e815f4/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/tif","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/b5134984-c140-4144-b7c2-4cec88e815f4","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":1024,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4]}]},"height":3300,"width":2550},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_2","metadata":[{"label":"Translations","value":"…the last shred of piety would go permanently extinct, and we touch it with our hands, since, notwithstanding our continual efforts, we find it rather hard to reawaken the faith and stir up devotion, and although Monsignor has conducted from Europe a colony of around 40 evangelical workers, with an assortment of surprising tools and sacred ornaments, despite all this, we find ourselves absorbed like a drop of wine in a basin of water. Nevertheless, the need is so far beyond the available aid that one cannot lift one’s head and break the impact of the current: the good one does for another reason is great. They baptize throngs of adults, they return to the path of salvation many deviants who had no sense of religion, they provide for the youth of both sexes the opportunity to live a Christian life by helping them make their first communion, but so much good still needs to be done, for which there are not the numbers, that the good already done pales in comparison, which causes one to throw up one’s arms in despair. We have to deal with people of every nation, color, and language. The classes are primarily distinguished by color: whites, blacks, mulattos (born of a white man and a black woman, and vice versa), reds (that is, the savages), and the half-reds, called half-breeds, who are born of a white man and a savage woman. But each color has a different nature and temperament, which requires different treatment from us; the whites are from different nations and speak different languages, which, however, can be reduced to English and French, and we must be ready to speak, hear confession, and preach publicly in both languages whenever necessary, and often, when encountering a person, if they do not speak first, we do not know which language to employ. Since they are not ordinarily lovers of the Religion, those who leave their native hearths to come in search of fortune in America, they present a wide field for the zeal to catch, and although not all of them come into the net by the grace of God…"}]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/b5134984-c140-4144-b7c2-4cec88e815f4/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}},{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_3","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004_003","height":3300,"width":2550,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/ddd9b8f5-9881-4caf-9c4b-10138d262df8/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/tif","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/ddd9b8f5-9881-4caf-9c4b-10138d262df8","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":1024,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4]}]},"height":3300,"width":2550},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_3","metadata":[{"label":"Translations","value":"…nevertheless, it has never been cast in vain. There are often large gatherings to hear the sermons that are frequently conducted in both languages, and even more, and several times a day, the ministers of the other sects are driven away because they no longer have anything to do, and although a large part of them may not be inclined to embrace the Catholic Religion, they have this maxim: If one must take a Religion, let it be Roman Catholicism. This is already a huge step; to do the rest requires a stroke of grace. The most dominant sect erected a temple immediately behind our new cathedral. However, I feel that the ministers wish to sell the building and leave for their own affairs, because their gatherings are deserted, and all the people flock to our assemblies. They attempted to put in the public papers some reflection against the sentiment of the Roman Church, but they were answered in such a way that they do not wish to try it again. There are those among them, however, who are still hard, and these are the philosophers and materialists, who nolunt intelligere ut bene agant: they do not come to Church specifically because we preach. Poor blind fools! This is the business of oration. To report on the blacks and mulattoes, they are mostly slaves who are condemned to eat the bread of sorrow and bear pondus diei et aestus, and even worse, they are in the hard condition of serving the passions of others and in the moral impossibility of knowing and practicing religion. They are commonly forbidden to contract marriages because of the displeasure that would later come from their masters, which exposes them to a thousand threats. Of the remainder, who originate from Africa, they are mostly simple and disposed to profit from the labors undertaken for their salvation. They are moved by the sight of a white priest interested in them, as they are regarded as refuse and the dregs of mankind. How many subjects in need of consolation…"}]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/ddd9b8f5-9881-4caf-9c4b-10138d262df8/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}},{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_4","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004_004","height":3300,"width":2550,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/49b7743d-926b-4e1c-b6ab-96758bb2c6cf/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/tif","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/49b7743d-926b-4e1c-b6ab-96758bb2c6cf","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":1024,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4]}]},"height":3300,"width":2550},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_4","metadata":[{"label":"Translations","value":"…these poor creatures provide me! They educate themselves, make their first communion, and later frequent the sacraments.\n<p>\n-\n</p><p>\nAs for the savages, they are not forgotten, but before coming to the point of undertaking a formal mission in their favor, it is worthwhile to prepare the ways, analyze their dispositions, study their nature and character, learn their languages, ready the most appropriate means for succeeding in an enterprise thorny beyond belief, since one is attempting to cultivate a portion of the human race that seems rather to belong to a third species halfway between man and beast; as much as they are known as crude, uncouth, ferocious, inconstant savages, who are little susceptible to abstract, speculative, and spiritual notions, having one day found several of them in the company of some white man who knew their language and served as interpreter, I took to speaking to them about God, the Religion, the soul, and salvation; they then asked me if I was one of those fur traders who travels around Missouri to stock up on pelts. I replied to them that I traded in nobler things, which is to say that I was the agent of the master of life who saved souls (as it was necessary to speak thusly to make them understand); I added several other things concerning the soul and salvation, and in the end the result of my discourse was that since I was the agent of the master of life, I ought to at least give them some money to go and buy Wiskey [sic], which is a liquor for which they are extremely greedy, and on which they get drink, and therefore kill each other like dogs. They go about almost completely nude and abhor as slavery every form of culture; even so, we have baptized several of them, and some others are disposed to being baptized; I have two female penitents who are native savages who show great simplicity, innocence, fervor; this leads me to believe that the nature of the savage nations would be well suited to Christianity. We wait for Providence to open the way for us.</p>"}]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/49b7743d-926b-4e1c-b6ab-96758bb2c6cf/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}},{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_5","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004_005","height":3300,"width":2550,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/fbc21e1b-45e8-4a34-854e-75ec877ab294/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/tif","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/fbc21e1b-45e8-4a34-854e-75ec877ab294","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":1024,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4]}]},"height":3300,"width":2550},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_5","metadata":[{"label":"Translations","value":"…In the meanwhile, one does what one can. The half-breeds come to have themselves instructed so that they can be baptized and have their first communion, but as they struggle to explain themselves in our languages, and have spent their infancy and childhood in the woods, they are so hard and ignorant of spiritual things that they hardly seem sensible, and one labors hard to prepare them to receive the sacraments, especially since they are poor and do not have any support, they do not find much time to be instructed. Generally, this is the greatest pain of not knowing how to instruct so many coarse minds: since they seldom have—and when they do, only a little—time to refine them, they grow bored, lose the will, and are never seen again.\n<p>\n-\n</p><p>\nAnd yet, I must confess that God in his goodness gives me such esteem and affection for this mission, for which I see myself employed, so to speak, to cultivate the refuse of the human race and the least laudable and most abandoned portion of Jesus Christ’s flock that I would not change my state with anybody. In the eyes of the faithful it is certainly the happiest state, though, in the prejudiced eyes of the world, it may seem the unhappiest. I never want for opportunities to die to myself, to suffer poverty, discomforts, privations, humiliations, temptations, and tribulations of every kind; so that I knew how to benefit by always joining myself through such means to him alone who is capable of completely satisfying a heart that he made for his own. I see through experience how useful it is to leave patria, relatives, friends, etc. behind to detach yourself from the earth and obtain true liberty of spirit, which is only found in the true lovers of God.\n</p><p>\n-\n</p><p>\nWe have erected here an assembly of men who are, for the most part, good English Catholics, under the invocation of the Holy Virgin, which we use for the conversion of heretics and other good works, to which it is not suitable to personally attach ourselves; they are tasked…</p>"}]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/fbc21e1b-45e8-4a34-854e-75ec877ab294/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}},{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_6","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004_006","height":3300,"width":2550,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/ed1fdb58-3ca1-4b4b-9923-7ff84673fa7c/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/tif","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/ed1fdb58-3ca1-4b4b-9923-7ff84673fa7c","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":1024,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4]}]},"height":3300,"width":2550},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_6","metadata":[{"label":"Translations","value":"…with directing them, and I would like to link it to that of Monte Citorio, I await your approval and the list of indulgences with a Brief of communication with the entire Society and Confraternity of Rome for pontifical concession; however, we do not know which indulgences specifically may be accorded to each one in particular.\n<p>\n-\n</p><p>\nI have written this confusedly several times because I do not have time and I need to run here and there, now to baptise, now to assist the dying, now to catechize, now to preach, now to conduct funerals and marriages, etc., and it would be useful if I could multiply myself; the confessional especially is an every day and every hour ministry, it is necessary to be ready night and day, to leave meals and rush now by land, now by water atop pirogues (which is what they call certain trunks of trees with their insides carved out, above which they hazard to cross frightening rivers more than a mile wide and against the speed of the current). These people are accustomed to a savage life, and the missionary has not a little to do by first overcoming his natural repugnance and adapting to their ways. Sometimes one is so dead tired that one can no longer stand it. If we had money to build establishments for charity and instruction, these would facilitate the ministry and render it more fruitful.\n</p><p>\n-\n</p><p>\nAs the Roman Seat presides over all the seats of the Catholic world as the primate of dignity and jurisdiction, so the Roman people should preside over all peoples as the primate of fervor and edification, just as much as St. Paul once wrote to the faithful of still pagan Rome, c. xvi, 19: Vestra enim obedientia in omnem locum divulgata est; as the most central parts of the human body, which, receiving nourishment in excess, share it even with its external members in great abundance, so it seems to me that the faithful of Rome should do as the said apostle writes…</p>"}]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/ed1fdb58-3ca1-4b4b-9923-7ff84673fa7c/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}},{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_7","@type":"sc:Canvas","label":"CMC0565_02-01_002_004_007","height":3300,"width":2550,"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/62b02e0e-d74a-4660-ad22-ab5ea6171e49/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","format":"image/tif","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/62b02e0e-d74a-4660-ad22-ab5ea6171e49","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","tiles":[{"width":1024,"scaleFactors":[1,2,4]}]},"height":3300,"width":2550},"on":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/96e6aee0-1293-4487-a98b-b30059495e89/canvas/_7","metadata":[{"label":"Translations","value":"(2. Cor. viti, 14): Vestra abundantia illerum inepiam suppleat. Here, it is not that there are not rich people who could, if they wanted to, provide the most considerable aid, but unhappily, they are either not Catholic, or are in name alone, and thus they do not have any interest in establishing the Religion, not because they have it, but because it is not established there. There is nothing that better inspires the lofty idea of the Catholic faith than seeing true Catholics, the Romans above all, generously supporting its propagation in the remotest regions. Nothing is more effective in destroying the innate prejudices of heretics than seeing that the motivation that moves missionaries is not self interest—instead of seeking their money, what is sought is their spiritual wellbeing without their having to spend anything. This method of generosity is able to arouse their emulation. I recommend the missionaries and the missions to the orations of the assembly, above all the convened Gloria Patri.\n<p>\n-\n</p><p>\nI am in the love of G. C. N. S., most cordially,\n</p><p>\nYour most humble, devoted, and obedient servant, \n</p><p>\nFr. De Andreis.</p>"}]}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/62b02e0e-d74a-4660-ad22-ab5ea6171e49/full/500,500/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","height":500,"width":500}}]}],"thumbnail":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/03c5faf2-3e05-48c3-9ebb-07fe4be344c7/full/300,300/0/default.jpg","logo":"https://iiif.quartexcollections.com/depaul/iiif/logo"}